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GNDU Question Paper-2024
B.A 1
st
Semester
HOME SCIENCE
(Family Resource Management & Hygiene)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Discuss the meaning & importance of Home Science.
2. Write a note on any One:
(a) Principles of planning a house.
(b) Basic considerations while selecting furniture.
(c) Selection of site/location of a house.
SECTION-B
3. Discuss the elements of art.
4. Write a note on any One:
(a) Harmony & Balance in art related to interior decoration.
(b) Characteristics of colour & the use of colour in decoration of various rooms.
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SECTION-C
5. What is immunity? Discuss its types.
6. Write a note on causes & spread of any Two:
(a) Enteric fever
(b) Dengue
(c) AIDS
(d) Tuberculosis
SECTION-D
7. How do you maintain hygiene during preparation & serving of food?
8. Write a note on any One:
(a) Causes & prevention of food poisoning
(b) Purification of water for home.
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GNDU Answer Paper-2024
B.A 1
st
Semester
HOME SCIENCE
(Family Resource Management & Hygiene)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Discuss the meaning & importance of Home Science.
Ans: The Meaning & Importance of Home Science
A Fresh Beginning – A Story to Start With
Imagine a home. It could be yours, mine, or anyone’s. In this home, people live together —
parents, children, grandparents, maybe even extended family. Now, think for a moment:
• Who decides what food will be cooked?
• Who ensures the house is clean and organized?
• Who makes sure money is used wisely?
• Who takes care of the health and happiness of the family members?
In most homes, these responsibilities don’t fall on a single person; rather, they are shared.
But for generations, these roles were seen as “simple” household duties. In reality, they
require knowledge, skill, and scientific understanding.
This is where Home Science comes in — it transforms everyday household responsibilities
into a science of better living. It takes ordinary acts like cooking, cleaning, or budgeting and
places them on a foundation of scientific principles, making them efficient, modern, and
meaningful.
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So, Home Science is not just about “learning how to cook or sew.” It is a multidisciplinary
subject that blends science, arts, and management to improve the quality of life at home
and in society.
The Meaning of Home Science
The term “Home Science” may sound simple, but it is much deeper.
• “Home” stands for the family and the environment in which they live.
• “Science” refers to the systematic body of knowledge that uses principles,
experiments, and reasoning.
Put together, Home Science = The scientific study of home and family life to make it
better, healthier, and more efficient.
It is also called the “Science of Better Living.”
In simpler words: Home Science teaches us how to live a balanced, healthy, and
productive life by using knowledge from subjects like biology, chemistry, economics,
psychology, sociology, and even art.
The Scope of Home Science
To understand its meaning better, let’s look at the wide areas Home Science covers:
1. Food & Nutrition – Learning how to cook, preserve, and plan a balanced diet.
2. Clothing & Textiles – Knowing about fabrics, fashion, and proper clothing choices.
3. Family Resource Management – Managing time, money, and household things
smartly.
4. Human Development – Understanding growth, development, and relationships in
the family.
5. Home Management & Housing – Organizing the house, interior design, and
sanitation.
6. Extension Education – Sharing knowledge with the wider community to improve
living standards.
So, Home Science is like a bridge that connects science with day-to-day life.
Diagram: Scope of Home Science
Here’s a simple diagram you can include in your answer:
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Home Science
|
--------------------------------------------------
| | | | |
Food & Clothing & Resource Human Housing &
Nutrition Textiles Management Dev. Interior
This diagram shows how different branches together form the whole field of Home Science.
Importance of Home Science
Now that we know what it means, let’s move to the importance of Home Science. Why does
it matter? Why should students, families, and even society care about it? Let’s see.
1. Improves Health and Nutrition
We live in a time when junk food, obesity, and lifestyle diseases are very common. Home
Science teaches:
• How to prepare balanced meals.
• How to avoid malnutrition and health problems.
• How to store and preserve food scientifically.
Example: A mother trained in Home Science can prepare a nutritious meal for her
children that keeps them healthy and energetic.
2. Empowers Women and Families
Traditionally, household work was undervalued. Home Science gives scientific recognition
to this work.
• It helps women become self-reliant by opening careers in nutrition, fashion, interior
design, child care, etc.
• It teaches both men and women to share responsibilities at home.
Example: A woman who learns Home Science may start her own catering business or
fashion boutique, earning income for the family.
3. Develops Skills for Daily Life
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Home Science is practical. It trains us in:
• Cooking and baking.
• Stitching and repairing clothes.
• Decorating the house.
• Managing a family budget.
These skills are lifelong assets — they save money and improve quality of life.
4. Promotes Economic Management
Money is a limited resource. Home Science teaches:
• How to make a family budget.
• How to save and invest wisely.
• How to avoid unnecessary spending.
Example: A family following Home Science principles may save enough to invest in
education or buy a house.
5. Encourages Hygiene and Sanitation
A clean home = a healthy home. Home Science emphasizes:
• Personal hygiene.
• Environmental sanitation.
• Household cleanliness.
Example: During times like the COVID-19 pandemic, Home Science knowledge about
hygiene proved life-saving.
6. Strengthens Human Relationships
Home Science is not only about material things; it is also about people. It studies:
• Child development.
• Family psychology.
• Conflict resolution.
Example: A parent with Home Science knowledge can understand teenage problems
better and guide their children wisely.
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7. Career Opportunities
Home Science is not limited to “home.” It opens doors for many careers, such as:
• Dietician and Nutritionist
• Fashion Designer
• Interior Decorator
• Preschool Teacher
• Family Counselor
• Food Scientist
• Social Worker
So, it combines both personal development and professional success.
8. Contributes to Society
Through extension education, Home Science spreads knowledge about:
• Health care.
• Family planning.
• Women empowerment.
• Environmental protection.
Example: Home Science graduates often work in NGOs, helping rural families adopt
better food habits and sanitation practices.
9. Balances Tradition with Modernity
India is a land of traditions, but modern life brings new challenges. Home Science helps in:
• Preserving traditional food, art, and culture.
• Adapting them to modern needs.
Example: Using traditional cooking methods but making them healthier with modern
nutrition science.
10. Science of Better Living
Finally, the greatest importance of Home Science is that it makes life better, happier, and
more meaningful. It is about living smart, not hard.
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A Humanized Reflection
Think about it: if a family is healthy, organized, financially stable, and emotionally strong,
the entire society benefits. Home Science is like the backbone of happy families, and happy
families together make a strong nation.
It’s not just a subject you study in school or college. It’s something you carry with you in
your daily life. From the way you choose your clothes in the morning, to how you cook your
dinner at night, Home Science silently guides you.
Conclusion
So, the meaning of Home Science is simple: it is the scientific study of home and family life.
But its importance is vast: it improves health, saves money, empowers women, builds
careers, and strengthens society.
If we look closely, Home Science is not only about homes — it is about life itself. It teaches
us to live wisely, happily, and with dignity.
2. Write a note on any One:
(a) Principles of planning a house.
(b) Basic considerations while selecting furniture.
(c) Selection of site/location of a house.
Ans: Principles of Planning a House: A Story of Space, Soul, and Strategy
A Fresh Beginning
Imagine a young couple standing on an empty plot of land. They’re not just thinking about
bricks and cement—they’re dreaming of laughter in the living room, quiet mornings in the
kitchen, children playing in the backyard, and grandparents resting in the sunlit corner. This
is the beginning of a home. But to turn this dream into reality, they need more than
emotion—they need principles of planning.
Planning a house is not just about drawing rooms on paper. It’s about creating a space that
is functional, comfortable, safe, and emotionally fulfilling. Let’s walk through the key
principles that guide this beautiful process.
1. Purpose and Functionality
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Before anything else, a house must serve the needs of its occupants. The number of family
members, their lifestyle, and future plans must be considered.
• A working couple may need a home office.
• A joint family may require multiple bedrooms and shared spaces.
• Elderly members may need easy access and minimal stairs.
Lesson: Every room must have a purpose, and every space must be usable. A well-planned
house is like a well-written story—every chapter matters.
2. Zoning and Layout
A house is not just a collection of rooms—it’s a flow of spaces. Zoning helps divide the house
into functional areas:
• Private Zone: Bedrooms, bathrooms.
• Public Zone: Living room, dining area.
• Service Zone: Kitchen, utility, storage.
These zones should be placed logically. For example, the kitchen should be near the dining
area, and bedrooms should be away from noisy spaces.
Story Note: Think of the house as a theatre. The stage (living room) is where guests arrive,
the backstage (bedrooms) is where the family rests, and the control room (kitchen) keeps
everything running.
3. Orientation and Climate Consideration
The direction a house faces affects sunlight, ventilation, and energy efficiency.
• In India, east-facing homes are preferred for morning sunlight.
• South-facing walls may need shading to avoid heat.
• Cross-ventilation ensures fresh air and reduces dependence on artificial cooling.
Lesson: A house must respect nature. It should welcome the sun, breathe with the wind,
and shield against harsh weather.
4. Circulation and Movement
Movement within the house should be smooth and logical.
• Corridors should be minimal but sufficient.
• Doors should not open into cramped spaces.
• There should be easy access between rooms.
Example: A poorly planned house may have the bathroom far from bedrooms or the kitchen
isolated from the dining area. This creates inconvenience and breaks the flow.
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Lesson: A house should feel like a dance—graceful, uninterrupted, and intuitive.
5. Flexibility and Future Expansion
Families grow, needs change. A good house plan allows for flexibility.
• Can a study room be converted into a nursery?
• Is there space to build an extra floor later?
• Can the terrace be used for solar panels or gardening?
Lesson: A house should not be rigid—it should grow with the family, adapting to new
chapters of life.
6. Safety and Security
Safety is non-negotiable.
• Electrical wiring must be planned to avoid overloads.
• Staircases should have railings and proper lighting.
• Windows should be secure but allow ventilation.
• Emergency exits and fire safety must be considered.
Lesson: A house is a shelter. It must protect its people—not just from weather, but from
accidents and threats.
7. Aesthetics and Emotional Comfort
Beyond function, a house must feel like home.
• Natural light makes spaces cheerful.
• Colors affect mood—warm tones for coziness, cool tones for calm.
• Views from windows, placement of furniture, and even wall textures contribute to
emotional well-being.
Story Note: A child remembers the corner where sunlight fell on their books. A
grandmother cherishes the window where she watched the rain. These are the emotional
anchors of a home.
8. Economy and Budgeting
Dreams must meet reality. Planning must respect the budget.
• Prioritize essentials before luxuries.
• Use cost-effective materials without compromising safety.
• Plan for maintenance costs, not just construction.
Lesson: A house built with wisdom lasts longer than one built with extravagance.
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9. Legal and Regulatory Compliance
Every house must follow local building codes and regulations.
• Setbacks, height limits, and floor area ratios must be respected.
• Permissions from municipal authorities are essential.
• Violations can lead to penalties or demolition.
Lesson: A house must stand not just on land, but on legal ground.
10. Sustainability and Eco-Friendliness
Modern planning must consider the environment.
• Use rainwater harvesting systems.
• Install solar panels and energy-efficient lighting.
• Choose materials that are locally sourced and non-toxic.
Lesson: A house should not just serve its family—it should respect the planet.
Story-Like Wrap-Up
Think of planning a house like composing a symphony. Each room is an instrument, each
wall a rhythm, each window a note. When planned well, the house sings—a melody of
comfort, safety, and joy.
A well-planned house doesn’t just shelter bodies—it nurtures souls. It becomes the
backdrop of birthdays, festivals, quiet evenings, and loud laughter. It’s where life happens.
Conclusion
• The principles of planning a house include functionality, zoning, orientation,
circulation, flexibility, safety, aesthetics, budgeting, legal compliance, and
sustainability.
• These principles ensure that a house is not just a structure but a living space—
efficient, beautiful, and emotionally fulfilling.
• Planning a house is both an art and a science. It requires imagination, empathy, and
practical wisdom.
In short, a house is not built with bricks alone—it is built with dreams, decisions, and design.
And when planned well, it becomes a home that tells the story of those who live within it.
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SECTION-B
3. Discuss the elements of art.
Ans: Elements of Art – The Building Blocks of Creativity
A Different Beginning – Imagine a World Without Art
Imagine stepping into a world where there are no colors, no shapes, no designs, and no
paintings. Everything looks plain, dull, and lifeless. No Mona Lisa smiling, no Taj Mahal
glowing in moonlight, no folk paintings on festival days, and not even doodles on the back of
your notebook. Life without art would feel empty, wouldn’t it?
But what makes art come alive? What gives it its shape, beauty, and power to move our
hearts? Just like a building is made up of bricks, cement, and steel, art too has its basic
building blocks. These are called the Elements of Art.
Without these elements, no painting, drawing, sculpture, or even a simple sketch can exist.
An artist uses these elements just like a cook uses ingredients to make a dish. Depending on
how these ingredients are combined, the final dish – or in this case, the artwork – can be
simple, complex, realistic, or abstract.
So, let us walk step by step through the seven major elements of art: Line, Shape, Form,
Color, Value, Texture, and Space.
I’ll explain each as if we are visiting different rooms in an art museum, where every room
tells us the story of one element.
1. Line – The First Step of Imagination
Every artwork begins with a line. Imagine a child picking up a pencil for the first time – the
first thing they draw is usually a line, maybe crooked, maybe straight.
A line is simply a mark made between two points. But in art, a line is never “just a line.” It
can express feelings and movement.
• Straight lines can show stability and order (like the pillars of a temple).
• Curved lines suggest softness, rhythm, or calmness (like the waves of the sea).
• Zigzag lines give a sense of chaos, danger, or excitement (like lightning).
• Thick lines feel strong, bold, and heavy.
• Thin lines feel delicate, fragile, and light.
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Artists use lines to guide our eyes across the artwork. For example, in a painting of a road
disappearing into the distance, the lines of the road pull us deeper into the scene.
In short: Lines are the skeleton of art. Without them, no shape or form can even begin
to exist.
2. Shape – Giving Form to Lines
Now, let’s step into the second room of our art museum. Here, the lines have joined
together to make shapes.
A shape is a flat, enclosed area created when lines meet. Shapes are 2-dimensional (2D),
meaning they have height and width but no depth.
There are two main types of shapes:
1. Geometric Shapes – circles, squares, rectangles, triangles. These are precise and
often found in human-made things like buildings, machines, or designs.
2. Organic Shapes – irregular and free-flowing shapes found in nature like leaves,
clouds, or stones.
Shapes help in building the composition of an artwork. For example, in folk paintings, we
see lots of geometric and decorative shapes, while in natural landscapes, organic shapes
dominate.
In short: Shapes bring order, structure, and recognition to art. They turn imagination
into something we can see and name.
3. Form – From Flat to Solid
While shapes are flat, forms add depth and volume. This is where art starts looking more
realistic.
• A circle becomes a sphere (like the sun).
• A square becomes a cube (like a dice).
• A triangle becomes a pyramid (like in Egypt).
Forms are 3-dimensional (3D): they have height, width, and depth. Artists use techniques
like shading, highlights, and perspective to give the illusion of form on a flat surface.
For example, in Renaissance art, painters like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci mastered
form so beautifully that their paintings look almost alive. Sculptures, of course, are real
forms, because you can touch and walk around them.
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In short: Forms are what make art jump out of flat paper and feel real.
4. Colour – The Soul of Art
If lines are the skeleton and shapes are the body, then color is surely the soul of art. Can you
imagine the world only in black and white? How dull it would be!
Colour is made of three main qualities:
1. Hue – The name of the colour itself (red, blue, green, yellow, etc.).
2. Value – How light or dark a colour is.
3. Intensity (or Saturation) – How bright or dull a colour is.
Colours also carry emotions:
• Red = passion, love, anger.
• Blue = calmness, sadness, peace.
• Yellow = happiness, energy.
• Green = nature, growth.
• Black = mystery, power.
• White = purity, simplicity.
That’s why colours are not just decoration, they are powerful messengers of mood and
meaning.
In short: Colours bring life, emotions, and energy to art.
5. Value – The Play of Light and Darkness
Now, imagine looking at a pencil sketch. There are no colours, yet it looks beautiful and full
of depth. Why? Because of value.
Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a colour (or shade). It creates contrast.
• High contrast (very dark vs very light) = drama and boldness.
• Low contrast (similar shades) = softness and subtlety.
For example, in black-and-white photography, value is the only element that defines the
subject. Artists use shading, hatching, and blending to play with value.
In short: Value makes art dramatic, realistic, and full of depth.
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6. Texture – The Feel of Art
Close your eyes and imagine touching a painting. Some areas may feel smooth like glass,
others rough like sandpaper. That’s texture.
Texture refers to how things feel or how they appear to feel.
There are two types:
1. Real Texture – when you can actually feel the surface (e.g., oil paintings with thick
brushstrokes).
2. Implied Texture – when an artist creates an illusion of texture (e.g., a drawing of fur
or bricks that looks real but feels smooth on paper).
Texture adds richness to art. Think of embroidery in textiles, carvings in sculptures, or
patterns in digital design – all rely on texture.
In short: Texture makes art more engaging, because it appeals to not just the eyes, but
also to our sense of touch.
7. Space – The Breath of Art
Finally, we enter the last room of our museum: Space.
Space in art means the area around, between, or within objects. It can be positive space
(the main subject) or negative space (the empty background).
Artists use techniques like:
• Overlapping – objects in front appear closer.
• Size variation – big objects look near, small ones far.
• Linear perspective – parallel lines appear to meet at a vanishing point.
• Aerial perspective – distant objects look lighter and blurrier.
Space gives breathing room to art. Without it, everything would feel crowded and flat.
In short: Space creates balance, depth, and perspective in art.
Diagram: The Elements of Art at a Glance
Here’s a simple diagram to visualize the elements:
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(Imagine this as a wheel or a chart where all elements are connected, showing they work
together to create art.)
Conclusion – Why These Elements Matter
So, what have we learned on our journey? Just like music has notes, and language has
words, art has its elements. Without them, creativity cannot be expressed.
• Lines give direction.
• Shapes give structure.
• Forms give volume.
• Colors give emotions.
• Values give contrast.
• Textures give richness.
• Space gives balance.
When an artist combines these elements thoughtfully, the result can be a masterpiece that
speaks to people across cultures and centuries.
Next time you see a painting or even doodle something in your notebook, pause for a
moment and think: Which elements of art am I seeing here?
Because in truth, the elements of art are not just about painting or drawing – they are the
language of creativity itself.
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4. Write a note on any One:
(a) Harmony & Balance in art related to interior decoration.
(b) Characteristics of colour & the use of colour in decoration of various rooms.
Ans: Notes on Harmony & Balance in Interior Decoration and Characteristics of Colour
A Fresh Beginning
Imagine stepping into a friend’s home. The moment you enter, you feel calm and
comfortable. The sofa, curtains, wall colours, and even the little vase on the table seem to
“belong” together. You don’t stop to analyze why—it just feels right. That invisible sense of
rightness is harmony and balance at work.
Now imagine another home. The walls are painted in bright red, the curtains are neon
green, the furniture is oversized, and the lighting is harsh. You feel restless, even though
everything is expensive. This shows how colour and balance, when misused, can disturb the
atmosphere of a room.
Interior decoration is not just about filling a space with objects—it is about creating an
environment where the eye, the mind, and the heart feel at ease. Two of the most
important principles here are harmony & balance and the use of colour.
(a) Harmony & Balance in Art Related to Interior Decoration
What is Harmony?
Harmony in interior decoration means that all elements—furniture, colours, textures,
shapes, and accessories—work together to create a unified whole. Nothing feels out of
place or jarring. It is like music: when different instruments play in tune, the result is a
melody; when they clash, it becomes noise.
• Unity in Diversity: Harmony doesn’t mean everything must match exactly. Instead, it
means different elements complement each other. For example, a wooden dining
table may harmonize beautifully with soft beige walls and a green indoor plant.
• Visual Flow: The eye should move smoothly from one part of the room to another
without being “stopped” by something awkward or out of scale.
What is Balance?
Balance is about distributing visual weight evenly in a room. Just as a seesaw feels stable
only when both sides are balanced, a room feels comfortable when heavy and light
elements are arranged thoughtfully.
There are three main types of balance:
1. Symmetrical Balance
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o Both sides of a room mirror each other.
o Example: Two identical chairs on either side of a fireplace.
o Effect: Creates formality, order, and calm.
2. Asymmetrical Balance
o Different objects balance each other through visual weight, not exact
similarity.
o Example: A large sofa on one side balanced by two smaller chairs on the
other.
o Effect: More casual, dynamic, and modern.
3. Radial Balance
o Elements are arranged around a central point.
o Example: Chairs arranged around a round dining table.
o Effect: Creates focus and unity.
Why Harmony & Balance Matter
• They prevent a room from feeling chaotic or cluttered.
• They create comfort—people may not consciously notice balance, but they feel it.
• They allow personal style to shine without overwhelming the senses.
Story Note: Think of harmony and balance as the invisible hosts of a party. You may not see
them, but they make sure everyone feels welcome and comfortable.
(b) Characteristics of Colour & Use of Colour in Decoration of Rooms
Characteristics of Colour
Colour is one of the most powerful tools in interior decoration. It affects mood, perception,
and even behavior. The main characteristics of colour are:
1. Hue
o The name of the colour itself (red, blue, green).
2. Value
o The lightness or darkness of a colour.
o Example: Light blue vs. navy blue.
3. Intensity (Saturation)
o The brightness or dullness of a colour.
o Example: Bright yellow vs. muted mustard.
4. Temperature
o Colours are often described as warm (reds, oranges, yellows) or cool (blues,
greens, purples).
o Warm colours create energy and coziness; cool colours create calm and
spaciousness.
Psychological Effects of Colour
• Red: Stimulating, energetic, but can feel aggressive if overused.
• Blue: Calming, peaceful, ideal for bedrooms.
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• Green: Refreshing, associated with nature, balances emotions.
• Yellow: Cheerful, uplifting, but too much can cause restlessness.
• White: Clean, spacious, but may feel cold if not balanced with textures.
• Black: Elegant and dramatic, but heavy if overdone.
Use of Colour in Decorating Various Rooms
1. Living Room
o Should feel welcoming and social.
o Warm neutrals (beige, cream, soft browns) create comfort.
o Accent colours like green or blue add freshness.
o Example: A cream sofa with teal cushions and wooden furniture.
2. Bedroom
o A place of rest and intimacy.
o Cool colours like soft blue, lavender, or pastel green promote relaxation.
o Avoid overly bright or stimulating colours.
o Example: Light grey walls with pale blue bedding.
3. Dining Room
o Should encourage appetite and conversation.
o Warm colours like red, orange, or earthy tones are effective.
o Example: A rustic dining room with terracotta walls and wooden furniture.
4. Kitchen
o Needs energy and cleanliness.
o White, yellow, or light green are popular.
o Example: White cabinets with a yellow backsplash.
5. Children’s Room
o Should be cheerful and stimulating but not overwhelming.
o Bright colours like yellow, pink, or light green work well.
o Example: A pastel pink wall with colourful toys and furniture.
6. Study/Office
o Should promote focus and calm.
o Cool colours like blue or green are ideal.
o Example: A light green study with wooden shelves.
7. Bathroom
o Should feel fresh and clean.
o White, aqua, or light blue are common.
o Example: White tiles with aqua accents.
Principles of Using Colour Wisely
• 60-30-10 Rule: Use 60% of a dominant colour, 30% of a secondary colour, and 10%
of an accent colour.
• Balance Warm and Cool: Too much warmth feels overwhelming; too much coolness
feels cold.
• Consider Lighting: Natural and artificial light change how colours appear.
• Consistency: Colours should flow from one room to another for harmony.
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Story-Like Wrap-Up
Think of a house as a painting. Harmony and balance are the composition—the way shapes
and lines are arranged so the picture feels complete. Colour is the palette—the reds, blues,
and greens that bring the painting to life. Without balance, the painting feels chaotic;
without colour, it feels lifeless. Together, they create beauty.
When harmony, balance, and colour are thoughtfully applied, a house becomes more than
shelter—it becomes a home. It becomes a place where mornings feel fresh, evenings feel
restful, and every corner tells a story of comfort and care.
Conclusion
• Harmony and balance in interior decoration ensure that all elements—furniture,
textures, shapes, and accessories—work together in unity, creating comfort and
visual stability.
• Colour has distinct characteristics (hue, value, intensity, temperature) and
psychological effects that influence mood and perception.
• Different rooms require different colour schemes: calming blues for bedrooms,
warm tones for dining rooms, cheerful hues for children’s rooms, and fresh whites
for bathrooms.
In short, harmony, balance, and colour are the three invisible artists of interior decoration.
They don’t just decorate walls—they shape emotions, memories, and the very experience of
living in a home.
SECTION-C
5. What is immunity? Discuss its types.
Ans: Immunity and Its Types – A Story of the Body’s Invisible Army
A Fresh Beginning
Imagine you are the king or queen of a grand kingdom. Your palace is beautiful, your land is
fertile, and your people are happy. But like every kingdom, there are always enemies—
thieves, invaders, and spies—trying to break in. To protect the kingdom, you have an army,
soldiers, and guards at every gate.
Now, replace the word kingdom with your body. The palace is your organs, the people are
your cells, and the enemies are germs like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. And who is
the army? — It is your immune system.
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This army is what gives you immunity, the natural shield of your body that keeps you safe
from harmful invaders. Without immunity, even a small cold virus could bring down the
strongest person.
What is Immunity?
In simple words, immunity is the ability of the body to resist and fight against diseases or
harmful foreign agents like bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
It is like an invisible protective wall inside our body that keeps dangerous invaders away.
When any foreign particle (called an antigen) enters the body, our immune system identifies
it and immediately launches a counterattack using its weapons (called antibodies and
defensive cells).
So, immunity = Defense + Protection + Memory.
It doesn’t just fight enemies; it also remembers them so that if they attack again, the body
can defeat them faster.
Types of Immunity
Now, just like an army has different wings (infantry, cavalry, air force, navy), our immunity
also comes in different types. Broadly, immunity is divided into two major categories:
1. Innate Immunity (Natural Immunity)
2. Acquired Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)
Let’s unfold these types like chapters of a story.
Innate Immunity – The Body’s Inborn Army
This is the first line of defense. You don’t need to buy it, earn it, or learn it. It’s already there
since birth. Just like a baby is born with eyes and ears, it is also born with some protective
powers.
Innate immunity is nonspecific, meaning it doesn’t care who the enemy is — it fights
everyone in the same way.
Components of Innate Immunity
Innate immunity works in four layers, like protective walls around a kingdom:
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1. Physical Barriers – These are like the outer walls of the palace.
o Skin: Stops microbes from entering.
o Mucous membrane: Traps dust and germs in the nose and respiratory tract.
o Hairs in nostrils: Work like natural filters.
2. Physiological Barriers – Internal tricks of the kingdom.
o Stomach acid kills germs.
o Saliva and tears have enzymes (like lysozyme) that destroy bacteria.
o Body temperature rises (fever) to kill invaders.
3. Cellular Defenses – The real soldiers.
o White blood cells (WBCs) like phagocytes eat up germs like hungry monsters.
o Natural killer (NK) cells destroy virus-infected cells and even cancerous cells.
4. Cytokines and Inflammatory Response – Emergency signals and reinforcements.
o When an area is injured, redness and swelling occur. This is the body’s way of
calling extra soldiers to the battlefield.
So, innate immunity = Quick, general, and always ready.
Acquired Immunity – The Body’s Learned Army
Now comes the second, more advanced line of defense. This is called acquired immunity
because it develops during your lifetime.
If innate immunity is like the local guards who fight with sticks and stones, acquired
immunity is like a trained army with modern weapons, strategies, and memory.
It is specific — meaning it recognizes the exact enemy and targets it with precision. And the
best part? It remembers the invader, so the next time the same germ comes, the body
responds much faster.
Types of Acquired Immunity
Acquired immunity is of two main types:
1. Active Immunity
2. Passive Immunity
Active Immunity – Fighting by Yourself
Active immunity develops when your own body makes antibodies after being exposed to an
antigen. It’s like training your army through real battles or practice drills.
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• Natural Active Immunity:
When you suffer from a disease once and your body remembers it.
Example: If you get chickenpox once, you usually never get it again.
• Artificial Active Immunity:
When vaccines are given. Vaccines act like “practice enemies” that teach your body
how to fight the real ones without actually making you sick.
Example: Polio vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine.
Active immunity takes time to develop (days to weeks) but lasts for years or even a
lifetime.
Passive Immunity – Borrowing Help
Sometimes, the body doesn’t have time to make its own weapons. In emergencies, it
borrows ready-made antibodies from another source.
• Natural Passive Immunity:
A newborn baby receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta and
breast milk.
This is why mother’s milk is called “liquid gold.”
• Artificial Passive Immunity:
Doctors inject ready-made antibodies (serum or antiserum) into the body.
Example: Snake antivenom given after a poisonous snake bite.
Passive immunity is immediate but temporary (lasts only for weeks or months).
Summary of Types of Immunity
Here’s a simple diagram to make it crystal clear:
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Real-Life Examples to Understand Better
1. When dust enters your nose, you sneeze → Innate immunity in action.
2. You got measles in childhood and never again → Natural active immunity.
3. You took the COVID vaccine → Artificial active immunity.
4. A baby is protected by mother’s milk → Natural passive immunity.
5. A person bitten by a snake receives antivenom → Artificial passive immunity.
Why is Immunity Important?
• Without immunity, even small infections could be deadly.
• It helps in survival, healing, and protection.
• Vaccination (one of the greatest discoveries in human history) is based on the
principle of acquired immunity.
In short, immunity is life’s shield.
Conclusion
So, if we go back to our story, the body is a kingdom, germs are invaders, and immunity is
the loyal army that never sleeps. Sometimes it fights in a general way (innate), sometimes
with memory and precision (acquired). Sometimes you train it (vaccines), and sometimes
you borrow help (antibodies).
Immunity is not just a medical concept; it is a miracle of nature. Without it, humanity could
not have survived plagues, pandemics, or daily infections. It is the invisible guardian that
silently saves our lives every single day.
6. Write a note on causes & spread of any Two:
(a) Enteric fever
(b) Dengue
(c) AIDS
(d) Tuberculosis
Ans: Causes and Spread of Dengue and Tuberculosis
A Fresh Beginning
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Imagine a summer evening in a crowded city. Children are playing outside, people are sitting
on their verandas, and in the corner of a street, a small puddle of water has collected after
the rains. Nobody pays attention to it. But in that puddle, mosquitoes are quietly breeding.
A week later, one bite from a mosquito changes everything—a child develops high fever,
severe body ache, and rashes. The doctor diagnoses it as Dengue.
Now picture another scene. In a small village, a man coughs persistently. At first, people
think it’s just a seasonal cold. But the cough doesn’t stop, and he begins to lose weight and
feel weak. When he visits the health center, he is told he has Tuberculosis (TB). His cough, it
turns out, has been spreading germs to others around him.
These two stories show how diseases spread silently, often through everyday situations.
Let’s explore their causes and spread in detail.
(a) Dengue
Cause
• Dengue is caused by the Dengue virus, which belongs to the Flavivirus family.
• There are four types (serotypes) of the virus: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4.
• Infection with one type gives lifelong immunity to that type but not to the others.
This is why a person can get dengue more than once.
Spread
• Dengue is not spread directly from person to person. Instead, it is transmitted by the
bite of infected female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
• These mosquitoes breed in stagnant clean water—in flower pots, discarded tires,
water tanks, and puddles.
• The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person already carrying the dengue
virus. After about a week, the mosquito can transmit the virus to another person
through its bite.
• Dengue outbreaks are common in tropical and subtropical regions, especially during
the rainy season when water collects in open containers.
Why Dengue Spreads Easily
1. Urbanization: Crowded cities with poor drainage provide breeding grounds.
2. Climate: Warm and humid weather favors mosquito survival.
3. Human Habits: Storing water in open containers, poor waste management, and lack
of mosquito control.
Story-Like Illustration
Think of dengue as a relay race. The virus cannot run on its own, so it hands the baton to the
mosquito. The mosquito then passes it to the next human it bites. Without the mosquito,
the race stops. That’s why controlling mosquitoes is the key to stopping dengue.
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(b) Tuberculosis (TB)
Cause
• Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• It mainly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but it can also affect bones, kidneys,
brain, and other organs (extrapulmonary TB).
• The bacteria are slow-growing but very resilient, which makes treatment long and
difficult.
Spread
• TB spreads through the air when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs,
sneezes, or even talks.
• Tiny droplets containing the bacteria are released into the air. When another person
inhales these droplets, the bacteria can enter their lungs.
• TB does not spread by shaking hands, sharing food, or touching surfaces—it requires
close and prolonged contact.
Why TB Spreads Easily
1. Overcrowding: In slums, prisons, and shelters, close contact makes transmission
easy.
2. Weak Immunity: People with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or other illnesses are more
vulnerable.
3. Delayed Diagnosis: Many people ignore early symptoms like cough and fever,
allowing the disease to spread silently.
4. Poverty: Lack of access to healthcare and poor living conditions increase risk.
Story-Like Illustration
Think of TB bacteria as tiny hitchhikers. When a sick person coughs, they release these
hitchhikers into the air. Anyone nearby may unknowingly “pick them up” by breathing. If the
person’s immune system is strong, the hitchhikers may be stopped at the gate. But if the
defense is weak, the bacteria settle in and begin their slow but damaging work.
Comparing Dengue and Tuberculosis
Feature
Dengue
Tuberculosis
Cause
Dengue virus (Flavivirus)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(bacterium)
Mode of Spread
Bite of infected Aedes aegypti
mosquito
Airborne droplets from
cough/sneeze
Environment
Stagnant clean water, warm
climate
Overcrowded, poorly ventilated
spaces
Prevention
Mosquito control, avoiding
bites
Early diagnosis, treatment,
vaccination (BCG)
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Nature of
Disease
Acute, sudden onset, seasonal
outbreaks
Chronic, slow-developing, long
treatment
Why Understanding Causes and Spread Matters
• For Dengue: If people know it spreads through mosquitoes, they will cover water
containers, use mosquito nets, and keep surroundings clean.
• For TB: If people know it spreads through air, they will seek treatment early, cover
their mouth while coughing, and ensure proper ventilation.
Knowledge is the first step toward prevention.
Philosophical Reflection
Diseases like dengue and TB remind us that health is not just an individual matter—it is
deeply social. One uncovered water tank can cause a dengue outbreak in a neighborhood.
One untreated TB patient can infect many others. In this sense, caring for our health is also
caring for our community.
Story-Like Wrap-Up
Picture again the child bitten by a mosquito and the man coughing in his village. Their
illnesses are not just personal—they ripple outward, affecting families, schools, workplaces,
and entire communities. But the good news is: both dengue and TB are preventable if we
understand their causes and spread.
• By eliminating stagnant water, we can stop dengue.
• By diagnosing and treating TB early, we can stop its chain of transmission.
In the end, the fight against these diseases is not just about medicine—it is about
awareness, responsibility, and collective action.
Conclusion
• Dengue is caused by the dengue virus and spread by the bite of infected Aedes
aegypti mosquitoes. Its spread is linked to stagnant water, urbanization, and climate.
• Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through airborne
droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Its spread is linked to
overcrowding, weak immunity, and delayed treatment.
Both diseases show how small agents—mosquitoes or bacteria—can have massive impacts.
But they also show how human awareness and preventive action can break the chain of
transmission.
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SECTION-D
7. How do you maintain hygiene during preparation & serving of food?
Ans: Maintaining Hygiene During Preparation and Serving of Food
A Different Beginning
Imagine you walk into a wedding feast. The decorations are beautiful, the aroma of food fills
the air, and you are excited to taste the dishes. But suddenly, you notice that the cook is not
wearing gloves, vegetables are being cut on the same board as raw chicken, and flies are
buzzing near the serving table. Would you still enjoy that food? Probably not.
This small situation tells us that delicious food is not enough—food must also be safe and
hygienic. Hygiene in food preparation and serving is not only about keeping things “looking
clean” but about protecting health, preventing diseases, and ensuring that every bite is safe
to eat.
Let’s now walk step by step, almost like a story, through the journey of food—from the
kitchen to the plate—while understanding how hygiene can be maintained at every stage.
1. The Importance of Hygiene in Food
Before going into “how,” let’s pause to ask: why is hygiene in food so important?
• Food is a carrier of life but can also become a carrier of disease if not handled
properly.
• Contaminated food can lead to food poisoning, diarrhea, jaundice, cholera, and
many other illnesses.
• Maintaining hygiene builds trust—whether it’s a small home kitchen or a big
restaurant.
• Clean and safe food supports not only physical health but also mental peace,
because people eat without fear.
So, hygiene is not a small matter; it is the heart of food safety.
2. Hygiene During Preparation of Food
Preparation is the stage where food is washed, cut, cooked, and made ready. Most
contamination actually begins here if we are careless. Let’s break it down:
(a) Personal Hygiene of the Cook
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The cook is the first “guardian” of hygiene. If the cook is careless, even the best ingredients
will become unsafe.
• Hands must be washed thoroughly with soap before touching food.
• Nails should be cut and clean; dirt under nails can carry harmful bacteria.
• Wearing clean clothes or an apron is necessary.
• Hair should be tied or covered with a cap so that hair does not fall into food.
• If the cook is sick (with cold, cough, fever, diarrhea), he/she should avoid cooking
because germs can spread easily.
Remember: The health of food depends on the health of the cook.
(b) Cleanliness of Ingredients
• Vegetables and fruits must be washed in clean water before cutting.
• Meat, poultry, and fish should be fresh and properly stored in refrigerators.
• Expired food items should never be used.
• Raw and cooked food should never mix because raw food often contains bacteria.
(c) Kitchen and Utensils Hygiene
• The kitchen should be well-ventilated and free from insects.
• Utensils like knives, spoons, cutting boards, and pans should be washed before and
after use.
• Cutting boards must be different for raw meat and vegetables to prevent “cross-
contamination.”
• Dustbins should have lids and should be emptied regularly.
(d) Cooking Hygiene
• Cooking at the right temperature kills harmful bacteria. For example, chicken must
be cooked properly to avoid salmonella.
• Avoid half-cooked food unless the dish requires it (like rare steak, but even then, it
must be safely prepared).
• Use clean water for cooking, especially for rice, dal, soups, etc.
• Avoid re-heating food again and again; this increases bacterial growth.
3. Hygiene During Serving of Food
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Once the food is prepared, the second stage begins—serving. Many people believe hygiene
ends with cooking, but serving is equally important because unsafe serving can undo all the
effort of clean cooking.
(a) Clean Serving Utensils
• Plates, spoons, glasses, and bowls must be washed properly and dried before
serving.
• Serving spoons must be used; food should not be touched directly by hand.
• Hot dishes should be served hot, cold dishes should be served cold (temperature
control prevents bacterial growth).
(b) Serving Environment
• The dining area should be clean and free from dust, flies, and mosquitoes.
• Food should be covered until it is served.
• In buffets or functions, food should not be left uncovered for a long time.
(c) Hygiene of Servers
• Waiters or servers must also follow hygiene rules—clean hands, trimmed nails, and
neat clothes.
• They should avoid talking or coughing directly over food.
• Using gloves or tongs while serving adds an extra layer of safety.
(d) Leftover Food Management
• Leftovers should be cooled quickly and stored in refrigerators.
• Spoiled food should never be mixed with fresh food.
• Food once served to someone should not be re-served to others.
4. General Practices for Food Hygiene
To make things simple, here is a golden rule of food hygiene:
“Keep clean, keep separate, cook thoroughly, keep food at safe temperatures, and use
safe water.”
Let’s break it down:
1. Keep Clean – Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces.
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2. Keep Separate – Do not let raw food touch cooked food.
3. Cook Thoroughly – Heat kills germs.
4. Keep at Safe Temperature – Refrigerate below 5°C, keep hot food above 60°C.
5. Use Safe Water – Because water is used in almost everything, from washing to
cooking.
Diagram for Better Understanding
Here is a simple diagram showing hygiene steps in preparation and serving:
5. Real-Life Examples to Connect
• At Home: A mother ensures her child’s lunchbox is filled with fresh chapatis and
washed fruits. She covers the food tightly so it stays safe until lunchtime.
• In a Restaurant: A customer notices that the waiter wears gloves and uses tongs to
serve salad. This increases trust in the restaurant.
• In a Wedding: Food is kept in hot trays so it remains steaming and free from
bacteria. Covered containers prevent dust and flies.
These examples show how hygiene practices are not just theories but are part of daily life.
6. Consequences of Ignoring Food Hygiene
If hygiene is not maintained, the results can be serious:
• Food Poisoning: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
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• Spread of Epidemics: Cholera, typhoid, jaundice.
• Loss of Trust: A restaurant may lose customers if someone falls sick.
• Wastage: Contaminated food has to be thrown away.
So, hygiene is not just “good practice”—it is a necessity for survival.
7. Conclusion
Maintaining hygiene during preparation and serving of food is like protecting a treasure. The
treasure is our health, and the guard is hygiene. From the farmer’s field to the dining table,
every stage requires care, cleanliness, and responsibility.
If we remember simple steps—clean hands, clean utensils, fresh ingredients, proper
cooking, and safe serving—we can ensure that food gives us only nutrition and joy, not
disease.
So next time you prepare or serve food, imagine yourself as the guardian of health. Your
one small action—washing your hands, covering the dish, or cooking thoroughly—might be
saving someone from illness. That is the true beauty of food hygiene.
8. Write a note on any One:
(a) Causes & prevention of food poisoning
(b) Purification of water for home.
Ans: Causes and Prevention of Food Poisoning
A Fresh Beginning
Picture this: a family gathers for a Sunday lunch. The table is full of delicious dishes—spicy
curries, fresh salads, chilled desserts. Everyone eats heartily, laughing and chatting. But a
few hours later, the laughter fades. One by one, family members complain of stomach
cramps, nausea, and vomiting. What was supposed to be a joyful meal has turned into a
night of discomfort.
This is the story of food poisoning—an illness that strikes when the food we trust to nourish
us instead carries hidden dangers. But the good news is: food poisoning is largely
preventable if we understand its causes and take simple precautions.
What is Food Poisoning?
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Food poisoning, also called foodborne illness, is an illness caused by eating food
contaminated with harmful microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) or toxins. It can
range from mild stomach upset to severe, life-threatening conditions.
It affects millions of people worldwide every year, and while most cases resolve in a few
days, some can be serious—especially for children, elderly people, pregnant women, and
those with weak immune systems.
Causes of Food Poisoning
Food poisoning doesn’t come from one single source. It can happen at any stage—
production, processing, cooking, or even storage. Let’s explore the main culprits.
1. Bacteria – The Most Common Cause
Bacteria are the leading cause of food poisoning. Some notorious ones include:
• Salmonella: Found in raw poultry, eggs, and unpasteurized milk. Causes diarrhea,
fever, and cramps.
• E. coli (Escherichia coli): Found in undercooked beef, raw vegetables, and
contaminated water. Some strains cause severe bloody diarrhea.
• Listeria: Found in deli meats, hot dogs, and soft cheeses made from unpasteurized
milk. Dangerous for pregnant women.
• Campylobacter: Found in raw or undercooked poultry and unpasteurized milk.
Causes fever, cramps, and diarrhea.
How bacteria spread:
• Improper cooking (undercooked meat).
• Cross-contamination (using the same cutting board for raw meat and vegetables).
• Poor storage (leaving food at room temperature for too long).
2. Viruses – Tiny but Troublesome
Viruses can also contaminate food and cause illness.
• Norovirus: Extremely contagious, spreads through contaminated water, shellfish,
and fresh produce. Causes vomiting and diarrhea.
• Hepatitis A: Spread through contaminated food or water, especially in areas with
poor sanitation. Affects the liver.
How viruses spread:
• Poor hand hygiene by food handlers.
• Contaminated water used for washing or cooking.
3. Parasites – Less Common but Serious
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Parasites are organisms that live inside a host and cause harm.
• Giardia: Found in contaminated water.
• Toxoplasma: Found in undercooked meat, especially pork and lamb.
How parasites spread:
• Eating undercooked meat.
• Drinking contaminated water.
4. Toxins and Chemicals
Sometimes, it’s not the microorganism itself but the toxins it produces that cause illness.
• Staphylococcus aureus: Produces toxins in improperly stored food.
• Clostridium botulinum: Produces a deadly toxin in improperly canned or preserved
food (causes botulism).
Chemicals like pesticides, heavy metals, or cleaning agents can also contaminate food and
cause poisoning.
5. Human Negligence
Often, food poisoning is not about exotic bacteria or rare parasites—it’s about simple
mistakes:
• Not washing hands before cooking.
• Leaving leftovers unrefrigerated.
• Eating street food prepared in unhygienic conditions.
Symptoms of Food Poisoning
Symptoms usually appear within hours to a few days after eating contaminated food.
Common ones include:
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Diarrhea (sometimes bloody).
• Abdominal cramps and pain.
• Fever.
• Fatigue and weakness.
Most cases are mild, but severe dehydration or complications can occur, requiring medical
attention.
Prevention of Food Poisoning
The comforting truth is that food poisoning is largely preventable. By following simple
hygiene and safety practices, we can protect ourselves and our families.
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1. Maintain Personal Hygiene
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap before cooking and eating.
• Keep nails trimmed and clean.
• Food handlers should avoid cooking if they are sick.
2. Safe Food Handling
• Use separate cutting boards for raw meat and vegetables.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
• Avoid touching cooked food with hands that handled raw food.
3. Proper Cooking
• Cook meat, poultry, and seafood thoroughly to kill harmful microbes.
• Use a food thermometer if possible (e.g., chicken should reach 75°C internally).
• Avoid eating raw or undercooked eggs and meat.
4. Safe Storage
• Refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours of cooking.
• Keep the refrigerator below 5°C and freezer below -18°C.
• Do not consume food past its expiry date.
• Store dry foods in airtight containers to prevent contamination.
5. Clean Water and Utensils
• Use clean, safe water for cooking and drinking.
• Wash utensils, plates, and cooking surfaces with hot water and soap.
• Avoid using cracked or dirty containers.
6. Be Careful with Street Food
• Choose vendors who maintain cleanliness.
• Avoid raw salads or chutneys from unhygienic stalls.
• Prefer hot, freshly cooked items over food kept exposed.
7. Awareness and Education
• Teach children about washing hands before meals.
• Spread awareness in communities about safe food practices.
• Encourage food businesses to follow hygiene standards.
Story-Like Illustration
Think of food safety as a chain. Each link—clean hands, safe cooking, proper storage, clean
water—must be strong. If one link breaks, contamination slips in. But if all links hold, the
chain protects us.
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For example, imagine a mother preparing dinner. She washes her hands, cooks chicken
thoroughly, stores leftovers in the fridge, and serves food with clean utensils. Each step is a
shield against food poisoning.
Philosophical Reflection
Food is meant to nourish, not harm. Yet, when carelessness enters the kitchen, food
becomes a carrier of illness. Food poisoning teaches us a simple but profound lesson: health
begins at home, in the way we handle what we eat.
Conclusion
• Causes of food poisoning include bacteria (Salmonella, E. coli), viruses (Norovirus,
Hepatitis A), parasites (Giardia, Toxoplasma), toxins (Staphylococcus, Clostridium),
chemicals, and human negligence.
• Prevention lies in hygiene, safe cooking, proper storage, clean water, and
awareness.
In short, food poisoning is not an inevitable fate—it is a preventable mistake. By respecting
food, handling it with care, and following simple safety rules, we can ensure that every meal
remains what it should be: a source of health, joy, and togetherness.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
